Conductivity: Txhais | Equations | Measurements | Applications
Hluav taws xob conductivityyog deb tshaj li lub tswv yim paub daws teeb; Nws yog lub hauv paus caj qaum ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb kev sib txuas, ntsiag to ua txhua yam los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tshiab hauv koj txhais tes mus rau cov phiaj xwm loj loj uas ua rau peb lub nroog.
Rau cov engineers, physicists, thiab cov kws tshawb fawb cov ntaub ntawv, lossis ib tus neeg nrhiav kom nkag siab txog tus cwj pwm ntawm qhov teeb meem tiag tiag, kev paub txog kev coj ua yog tsis sib tham. Qhov kev qhia tob tob no tsis yog tsuas yog muab cov ntsiab lus meej ntawm kev coj ua xwb tab sis kuj tseem nthuav tawm nws qhov tseem ceeb, tshawb txog qhov cuam tshuam rau nws, thiab qhia txog nws cov ntawv txiav-ntug thoob plaws ntau yam xws li semiconductors, khoom siv science, thiab lub zog txuas ntxiv mus. Tsuas yog nyem rau kev nkag siab txog cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb no tuaj yeem hloov kho koj txoj kev paub txog hluav taws xob hauv ntiaj teb.
Cov ntsiab lus:
2. Cov yam ntxwv cuam tshuam rau kev coj ua
4. Yuav ntsuas qhov conductivity li cas: Equations
5. Cov cuab yeej siv los ntsuas kev coj ua
Conductivity yog dab tsi?
Hluav taws xob conductivity (σ) yog ib qho cuab yeej tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev uas ntsuas cov khoom muaj peev xwm los txhawb qhov ntws ntawm cov hluav taws xob tam sim no.. Qhov tseem ceeb, nws txiav txim siab yooj yim npaum li cas cov cab kuj, feem ntau dawb electrons hauv cov hlau, tuaj yeem hla cov khoom. Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb no yog lub hauv paus ruaj khov rau kev siv suav tsis txheeb los ntawm microprocessors mus rau hauv nroog fais fab infrastructure.
Raws li ib feem ntawm cov conductivity, hluav taws xob resistivity (ρ) yog qhov kev tawm tsam rau tam sim no ntws. Yog li ntawd,low kuj sib raug ncaj qha mus rau high conductivity. Tus txheej txheem thoob ntiaj teb rau qhov ntsuas no yog Siemens ib meter (S/m), tab sis millisiemens ib centimeter (mS/cm) feem ntau yog siv nyob rau hauv tshuaj thiab ib puag ncig tsom xam.
Conductivity vs. Resistivity: Conductors vs. Insulators
Exceptional conductivity (σ) xaiv cov ntaub ntawv raws li tus neeg xyuas pib, thaum hais lus resistivity (ρ) ua rau lawv zoo tagnrho insulators. Hauv paus, qhov sib txawv me ntsis hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob pib los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov neeg nqa khoom them nqi mobile.
High conductivity (tus neeg xyuas pib)
Cov hlau zoo li tooj liab thiab txhuas muaj qhov ua tau zoo heev. Qhov no yog vim lawv cov qauv atomic, uas muaj qhov loj 'hiav txwv' ntawm yooj yim txav tau yooj yim valence electrons uas tsis muaj zog khi rau ib tus neeg atoms. Cov cuab yeej no ua rau lawv tseem ceeb rau kev xaim hluav taws xob, cov kab xa hluav taws xob, thiab cov kab hluav taws xob ntau zaus.
Yog tias koj xav paub ntau ntxiv txog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, xav nyeem cov ntawv tshaj tawm tsom rau kev nthuav tawm cov hluav taws xob conductivity ntawm tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv hauv koj lub neej.
Tsawg Conductivity (Insulators)
Cov ntaub ntawv xws li roj hmab, iav, thiab ceramics yog hu ua insulators. Lawv muaj ob peb yam tsis muaj hluav taws xob dawb, tiv thaiv kev hla ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no. Cov yam ntxwv no ua rau lawv tseem ceeb rau kev nyab xeeb, kev sib cais, thiab tiv thaiv luv luv hauv txhua lub tshuab hluav taws xob.
Factors Influencing Conductivity
Hluav taws xob conductivity yog cov khoom siv hauv paus, tab sis tsis sib xws rau ib qho kev xav tsis zoo, nws tsis yog qhov ruaj khov. Lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom siv los ua hluav taws xob tam sim no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sab nraud thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo. Nkag siab txog cov xwm txheej no yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob niaj hnub no, kev paub txog, thiab lub zog thev naus laus zis:
1. Cov yam ntxwv sab nraud cuam tshuam li cas rau kev coj ua
Cov ntaub ntawv tam sim ntawd ib puag ncig exerts tseem ceeb tswj kev txav mus los ntawm nws tus nqi thauj khoom (feem ntau electrons lossis qhov). Cia peb tshawb nrhiav lawv kom ntxaws:
1. Thermal Effects: Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov kub thiab txias
Qhov kub thiab txias yog kab tias qhov hloov pauv thoob ntiaj teb feem ntau ntawm cov hluav taws xob tsis kam thiab conductivity.
Rau feem ntau ntawm cov hlau ntshiab,conductivity txo thaum kub nce. Lub zog thermal ua rau cov hlau atoms (cov siv lead ua lattice) vibrate nrog ntau dua amplitude, thiab yog li ntawd, cov intensified lattice vibrations (los yog phonons) ua rau cov zaus ntawm cov txheej xwm tawg, zoo impeding tus khiav ntawm valence electrons. Qhov tshwm sim no piav qhia vim li cas cov xov hlau kub dhau ua rau lub zog poob.
Conversely, nyob rau hauv semiconductors thiab insulators, conductivity dramatically nce nrog nce kub. Qhov ntxiv thermal zog excites electrons los ntawm lub valence band nyob rau hauv lub band sib txawv thiab mus rau hauv lub conduction band, yog li tsim ib tug ntau dua tus xov tooj ntawm mobile chargers thiab ho txo qhov resistivity.
2. Mechanical Stress: Lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub siab thiab lub zog
Kev siv lub tshuab ua haujlwm siab tuaj yeem hloov pauv qhov sib txawv ntawm atomic thiab cov qauv siv lead ua ntawm cov khoom siv, uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau conductivity, thiab qhov no yog qhov tshwm sim tseem ceeb hauv piezoresistive sensors.
Hauv qee cov ntaub ntawv, compressive siab quab yuam atoms los ze zog ua ke, txhim kho qhov sib tshooj ntawm electron orbitals thiab ua rau lub zog ntawm cov cab kuj yooj yim dua, yog li ua kom cov conductivity.
Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv xws li silicon, stretching (tensile strain) los yog squeezing (compressive strain) yuav rearrange lub electron zog bands, altering lub zoo huab hwm coj thiab kev mus los ntawm tus nqi nqa khoom. Cov nyhuv no yog leveraged nyob rau hauv strain gauges thiab siab transducers.
2. Yuav ua li cas Impurity Influences Conductivity
Nyob rau hauv lub realm ntawm solid-state physics thiab microelectronics, qhov kawg tswj ntawm hluav taws xob zog yog tiav los ntawm compositional engineering, feem ntau ntawm doping.
Doping yog qhov kev coj ua tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov kab mob ntawm cov impurity atoms tshwj xeeb (feem ntau ntsuas nyob rau hauv ib lab) rau hauv cov khoom siv hauv lub hauv paus, xws li silicon lossis germanium.
Cov txheej txheem no tsis yog hloov cov conductivity xwb; Nws tsim nyog txiav txim siab txog cov khoom siv nqa khoom thiab kev xav tau los tsim kev kwv yees, asymmetrical hluav taws xob tus cwj pwm tsim nyog rau kev suav:
N-hom Doping (tsis zoo)
Qhia ib lub caij nrog ntau valence electrons (piv txwv li, Phosphorus lossis Arsenic, uas muaj 5) dua li cov khoom siv (piv txwv li, Silicon, uas muaj 4). Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntxiv tau yooj yim pub dawb rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, ua rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob yog thawj tus nqi thauj khoom.
P-Type Doping (zoo)
Qhia ib lub caij nrog tsawg dua valence electrons (piv txwv li, Boron lossis Gallium, uas muaj 3). Qhov no tsim ib qho electron vacancy, los yog 'qhov,' uas ua raws li tus nqi zoo.
Lub peev xwm los tswj cov conductivity los ntawm doping yog lub cav ntawm lub hnub nyoog digital:
Rau cov khoom siv semiconductor, nws yog siv los tsimp-njunctions, lub active cheeb tsam ntawm diodes thiab transistors, uas tso cai rau tam sim no ntws nyob rau hauv tsuas yog ib qho kev taw qhia thiab ua hauj lwm raws li lub core switching ntsiab nyob rau hauv Integrated Circuits (ICs).
Rau cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob, kev tswj xyuas hluav taws xob yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ntsuas qhov xav tau ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob zoo (kom txav mus los) tiv thaiv cov thermal conduction tsis zoo (kom tswj tau qhov kub thiab txias) hauv cov khoom siv rau kev tsim hluav taws xob thiab cua txias.
Los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm kev hnov siab, cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem doped lossis tshuaj hloov kho los tsim cov chemiresistors, uas nws cov conductivity hloov pauv loj heev thaum khi rau cov pa roj lossis cov molecules, tsim lub hauv paus ntawm cov tshuaj rhiab heev.
Kev nkag siab thiab kev tswj xyuas qhov tseeb tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov thev naus laus zis tiam tom ntej, ua kom pom kev ua tau zoo, thiab ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thoob plaws txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb thiab engineering.
Conductivity Units
Tus qauv SI unit rau conductivity yog Siemens ib meter (S / m). Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv feem ntau cov chaw lag luam thiab chaw kuaj mob, Siemens ib centimeter (S / cm) yog qhov ntau dua hauv paus tsev. Vim hais tias qhov tseem ceeb conductivity tuaj yeem ncav cuag ntau qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov loj, kev ntsuas feem ntau yog qhia siv cov lus ua ntej:
1. microSiemens ib centimeter (mS/cm) yog siv rau cov dej uas tsis muaj conductivity xws li deionized los yog rov qab osmosis (RO) dej.
2. milliSiemens ib centimeter (mS/cm) yog ib yam rau cov dej kais dej, txheej txheem dej, los yog brackish daws.(1 mS/cm = 1,000 μS/cm).
3. deciSiemens ib meter (dS/m) feem ntau yog siv hauv kev ua liaj ua teb thiab sib npaug rau mS/cm (1 dS/m = 1 mS/cm).
Yuav Ntsuas Conductivity: Equations
Aconductivity metertsis ntsuas conductivity ncaj qha. Hloov chaw, nws ntsuas kev coj ua (hauv Siemens) thiab tom qab ntawd suav cov conductivity siv lub ntsuas hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb Cell Constant (K). Qhov no tas mus li (nrog units ntawm cm-1) yog lub cev khoom ntawm lub sensor lub geometry. Qhov ntsuas qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev suav yog:
Conductivity (S/cm) = Measured Conductance (S) × Cell Constant (K, in cm⁻¹)
Txoj kev siv kom tau txais qhov ntsuas no nyob ntawm daim ntawv thov. Cov txheej txheem ntau tshaj yog hu rau (Potentiometric) sensors, uas siv electrodes (feem ntau graphite los yog stainless hlau) uas yog nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov kua. Ib qho yooj yim 2-electrode tsim muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev siv qis qis xws li dej ntshiab. Ntau tshaj 4-electrodesensorsmuabsiab raug nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau broad ntau yam thiab tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev ua yuam kev los ntawm nruab nrab electrode fouling.
Rau hnyav, corrosive, los yog cov kev daws teeb meem uas electrodes yuav foul lossis corrode, inductive (Toroidal) sensors tuaj rau hauv kev ua si. Cov sensors tsis tiv tauj no muaj ob lub xov hlau-kho qhov txhab uas muaj nyob rau hauv ib lub polymer ruaj khov. Ib lub kauj induces ib lub voj hluav taws xob tam sim no hauv cov tshuaj, thiab lub kauj thib ob ntsuas qhov loj ntawm qhov tam sim no, uas yog ncaj qha proportional rau cov kua conductivity. Qhov kev tsim no yog qhov muaj zog heev vim tsis muaj cov khoom siv hlau raug rau cov txheej txheem.
Kev ntsuas ntawm conductivity thiab kub
Kev ntsuas conductivity yog nyob ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Raws li cov kua kub nce, nws cov ions ua ntau lub xov tooj ntawm tes, ua rau cov ntsuas ntsuas tau nce siab (feem ntau yog ~ 2% ib ° C). Yuav kom ntsuas qhov tseeb thiab sib piv, lawv yuav tsum tau normalized rau tus qauv siv ntsuas kub, uas yog universally.25 ° C.
Niaj hnub nimno conductivity meters ua qhov kev kho no tau siv ib qhokev koom ua kekubsensor. Cov txheej txheem no, hu ua Automatic Temperature Compensation (ATC), siv cov txheej txheem kho kom raug (xws li cov qauv linearG 25 = G_t/[1+α(T-25)]) kom tshaj tawm cov conductivity zoo li nws tau ntsuas ntawm 25 ° C.
Qhov twg:
G₂₅= Kho Conductivity ntawm 25 ° C;
G_t= Raw conductivity ntsuas ntawm tus txheej txheem kubT;
T= Cov txheej txheem ntsuas kub (hauv ° C);
α (alpha)= Qhov kub coefficient ntawm cov tshuaj (piv txwv li, 0.0191 los yog 1.91% / ° C rau NaCl tov).
Ntsuas kev coj ua nrog Ohm txoj cai
Ohm Txoj Cai Lij Choj, lub hauv paus ntawm kev tshawb fawb hluav taws xob, muab cov tswv yim tsim nyog rau kev txheeb xyuas cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (σ). Txoj cai notsim kom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm voltage (V), tam sim no (I), thiab tsis kam (R). Los ntawm kev nthuav tawm txoj cai no kom suav nrog cov khoom siv lub cev geometry, nws cov khoom siv hauv nruab nrab tuaj yeem muab tau.
Thawj kauj ruam yog siv Ohm Txoj Cai (R = V / I) rau ib qho qauv ntawm cov khoom siv. Qhov no yuav tsum tau siv ob qhov kev ntsuas meej: qhov hluav taws xob siv thoob plaws cov qauv thiab qhov tam sim no uas ntws los ntawm qhov tshwm sim. Qhov piv ntawm ob qhov txiaj ntsig no ua rau tus qauv tag nrho cov hluav taws xob tsis kam. Qhov kev ntsuas no, txawm li cas los xij, tshwj xeeb rau tus qauv ntawd qhov loj thiab cov duab. Txhawm rau normalize tus nqi no thiab txiav txim siab cov khoom siv hauv lub cev, ib tus yuav tsum suav rau nws qhov ntev ntawm lub cev.
Ob qhov tseem ceeb geometric yam tseem ceeb yog tus qauv qhov ntev (L) thiab nws qhov chaw hla ntu (A). Cov ntsiab lus no tau muab tso rau hauv ib qho qauv: σ = L / (R^A).
Qhov kev sib npaug no txhais tau qhov ntsuas tau, extrinsic cov cuab yeej ntawm kev tawm tsam mus rau hauv lub hauv paus, cov cuab yeej ntawm kev coj ua. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub tias qhov kawg ntawm kev xam qhov tseeb yog ncaj qha nyob ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thawj zaug. Txhua qhov kev sim ua yuam kev hauv kev ntsuas V, I, L, lossis A yuav cuam tshuam qhov kev siv tau ntawm kev suav cov conductivity.
Cov cuab yeej siv los ntsuas kev coj ua
Hauv kev tswj cov txheej txheem kev lag luam, kev kho dej, thiab kev tsim tshuaj lom neeg, hluav taws xob conductivity tsis yog kev ntsuas passive xwb; nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tswj parameter. Kev ua tiav cov ntaub ntawv raug, rov ua dua tsis yog los ntawm ib qho, tag nrho cov hom phiaj. Hloov chaw, nws yuav tsum tau tsim kom tiav, sib koom ua ke qhov twg txhua feem raug xaiv rau ib txoj haujlwm tshwj xeeb.
Lub cev muaj zog conductivity muaj ob qhov tseem ceeb: tus tswj (lub hlwb) thiab lub sensor (qhov kev xav), ob qho tib si yuav tsum tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm kev calibration thiab them nyiaj.
1. Cov Tub Ntxhais: Tus Cwj Pwm Tswj
Lub hauv paus hub ntawm lub system yogtusonlineconductivity tswj, uas ua deb tshaj li tsuas yog tso saib tus nqi. Tus maub los no ua raws li "lub hlwb," lub zog ntawm lub sensor, ua cov teeb liab nyoos, thiab ua cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig. Nws cov haujlwm tseem ceeb suav nrog cov hauv qab no:
① Automatic Temperature Compensation (ATC)
Conductivity yog rhiab heev rau qhov kub thiab txias. Ib qho kev tswj hwm kev lag luam, zoo li lubSUP-TDS 210-Blubhigh-precisionSUP-EC8.0, siv qhov ntsuas kub sib xyaw kom kho txhua qhov kev nyeem ntawv rov qab mus rau 25 ° C tus qauv. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau qhov tseeb.
② Tso zis thiab tswb
Cov koog no txhais cov kev ntsuas mus rau hauv 4-20mA teeb liab rau PLC, los yog ua rau relays rau lub tswb thiab dosing twj tswj.
③ Calibration Interface
Tus maub los tau teeb tsa nrog lub software interface los ua qhov kev ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua, yooj yim calibrations.
2. Xaiv txoj cai Sensor
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog qhov kev xaiv uas koj xaiv txog lub sensor (los yog sojntsuam), raws li nws cov thev naus laus zis yuav tsum phim cov khoom ntawm koj cov kua. Kev siv lub sensor tsis ncaj ncees lawm yog tus thib ib ua rau kev ntsuas tsis ua haujlwm.
Rau Dej Ntshiab & RO Systems (Low Conductivity)
Rau kev siv xws li rov qab osmosis, dej deionized, los yog boiler feedwater, cov kua muaj tsawg heev ions. Ntawm no, ob-electrode conductivity sensor (xws litusSUP-TWS 7001) yog qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plawstontsuasconductivity ntawm dej. Nws cov qauv tsim muab siab rhiab heev thiab raug ntawm cov qib qis conductivity.
Rau Lub Hom Phiaj & Cov dej khib nyiab (Mid-rau-High Conductivity)
Hauv cov kev daws teeb meem qias neeg, muaj cov khib nyiab tshem tawm lossis muaj qhov ntsuas dav dav (xws li cov dej khib nyiab, dej kais dej, lossis kev saib xyuas ib puag ncig), cov sensors ua rau fouling. Nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug teeb meem, ib tug plaub-electrode conductivity sensor nyiamtusSUP-TWS 7002 yog qhov kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj. Qhov kev tsim no tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm kev tsim ntawm qhov chaw electrode, muab qhov dav dav, ruaj khov dua, thiab kev nyeem ntawv ntau dua hauv cov xwm txheej sib txawv.
Rau Harsh Chemicals & Slurries (Ntawm & High Conductivity)
Thaum ntsuas kev tawm tsam hnyav, xws li cov kua qaub, cov hauv paus, lossis cov slurries abrasive, cov hlau electrodes yuav corrode thiab ua tsis tau sai. Cov tshuaj yog qhov tsis sib cuag inductive (toroidal) conductivity sensor zoo litusSUP-TWS 6012kab ntawv. Lub sensor no siv ob lub coils encapsulated induce thiab ntsuas qhov tam sim no hauv cov kua yam tsis muaj ib feem ntawm lub sensor kov nws. Qhov no ua rau nws zoo tiv thaiv corrosion, fouling, thiab hnav.
3. Cov Txheej Txheem: Ua kom ntseeg tau ntev ntev
Lub kaw lus txoj kev ntseeg tau raug tswj xyuas los ntawm ib txoj kev tseem ceeb: calibration. Ib tus maub los thiab sensor, txawm li cas los xij, yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas los ntawm apaubsivdaws(ib tug qauv conductivity) los xyuas kom meej. Cov txheej txheem no them nyiaj rau ib qho me me sensor drift lossis fouling dhau sijhawm. Tus maub los zoo, zoo litusSUP-TDS 210-C, ua qhov no yooj yim, cov txheej txheem ua zaub mov.
Ua kom tiav qhov ntsuas kev ntsuas qhov ntsuas yog qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tsim qauv ntse. Nws yuav tsum muaj kev sib piv tus tswj hwm ntse nrog lub tshuab sensor tsim rau koj daim ntawv thov tshwj xeeb.
Dab tsi yog cov khoom siv zoo tshaj plaws rau kev siv hluav taws xob?
Cov khoom siv zoo tshaj plaws rau kev siv hluav taws xob yog cov nyiaj ntshiab (Ag), boasting lub siab tshaj plaws hluav taws xob conductivity ntawm txhua lub caij. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tus nqi siab thiab nyiam ua rau tarnish (oxidize) txwv nws daim ntawv thov dav. Rau kev siv feem ntau, tooj liab (Cu) yog tus qauv, raws li nws muaj qhov thib ob-zoo tshaj plaws conductivity ntawm tus nqi qis dua thiab yog cov ductile heev, ua rau nws zoo tagnrho rau kev xaim, motors, thiab transformers.
Hloov pauv, kub (Au), txawm tias tsis tshua muaj hluav taws xob ntau dua li cov nyiaj thiab tooj liab, yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob rau kev sib cuag, tsis tshua muaj hluav taws xob vim tias nws muaj kev tiv thaiv corrosion zoo tshaj (chemical inertness), uas tiv thaiv cov teeb liab degradation dhau sijhawm.
Thaum kawg, txhuas (Al) yog siv rau kev ncua deb, high-voltage kis tau tus mob vim hais tias nws sib zog yuag thiab tus nqi qis muab qhov zoo tshaj plaws, txawm tias nws qis conductivity los ntawm ntim piv rau tooj liab.
Cov kev siv ntawm conductivity
Raws li cov khoom siv lub peev xwm los xa cov hluav taws xob tam sim no, hluav taws xob conductivity yog ib qho cuab yeej tseem ceeb uas ua rau kev siv tshuab. Nws daim ntawv thov spans txhua yam los ntawm loj-scale zog infrastructure mus rau micro-scale electronics thiab ib puag ncig saib xyuas. Hauv qab no yog nws cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb uas cov cuab yeej no tseem ceeb:
Fais fab, Electronics, thiab Manufacturing
High conductivity yog lub hauv paus ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb hluav taws xob, thaum tswj kev conductivity yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev lag luam.
Kev xa hluav taws xob thiab xaim hluav taws xob
Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siab zoo li tooj liab thiab txhuas yog cov qauv siv hluav taws xob thiab cov kab hluav taws xob ntev. Lawv qhov tsis kam txo qis qis I2R (Joule) cua sov poob, ua kom muaj zog sib kis tau zoo.
Electronics thiab Semiconductors
Nyob rau theem micro, cov kab hluav taws xob ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm Circuit Boards (PCBs) thiab cov khoom sib txuas tsim txoj hauv kev rau cov teeb liab. Nyob rau hauv semiconductors, lub conductivity ntawm silicon yog precisely manipulated (doped) los tsim transistors, lub hauv paus ntawm tag nrho cov niaj hnub integrated circuits.
Electrochemistry
Daim teb no tso siab rau ionic conductivity ntawm electrolytes. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus no yog lub cav rau roj teeb, roj hlwb, thiab cov txheej txheem kev lag luam xws li electroplating, hlau refining, thiab tsim cov tshuaj chlorine.
Cov khoom siv sib xyaw
Conductive fillers (xws li carbon lossis hlau fibers) yog ntxiv rau cov polymers los tsim cov khoom sib xyaw nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb. Cov no yog siv rau electromagnetic shielding (EMI) los tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej rhiab thiab rau electrostatic paug (ESD) tiv thaiv hauv kev tsim khoom.
Kev soj ntsuam, ntsuas, thiab kuaj mob
Kev ntsuas ntawm conductivity yog ib qho tseem ceeb raws li cov cuab yeej nws tus kheej, ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug haib analytical cuab tam.
Water Quality and Environmental Monitoring
Kev ntsuas kev coj ua yog ib txoj hauv kev los ntsuas dej purity thiab salinity. Txij li thaum yaj ionic solids (TDS) ncaj qha nce conductivity, sensors yog siv los saib xyuas cov dej haus,tswjdej khib nyiabkev kho mob, thiab ntsuam xyuas av kev noj qab haus huv hauv kev ua liaj ua teb.
Kev kuaj mob
Tib neeg lub cev ua haujlwm ntawm bioelectrical signals. Kev kho mob thev naus laus zis xws li Electrocardiography (ECG) thiab Electroencephalography (EEG) ua haujlwm los ntawm kev ntsuas lub feeb hluav taws xob tam sim no los ntawm ions hauv lub cev, tso cai rau kev kuaj mob plawv thiab paj hlwb.
Txheej txheem tswj Sensors
Hauv tshuajthiabzaub movkev tsim khoom, conductivity sensors yog siv los saib xyuas cov txheej txheem hauv lub sijhawm. Lawv tuaj yeem kuaj pom cov kev hloov pauv hauv kev xav, txheeb xyuas qhov sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov kua sib txawv (xws li, hauv qhov chaw huv si), lossis ceeb toom ntawm impurities thiab paug.
FAQs
Q1: Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm conductivity thiab resistivity?
A: Conductivity (σ) yog cov khoom muaj peev xwm tso cai rau hluav taws xob tam sim no, ntsuas hauv Siemens ib meter (S / m). Resistivity (ρ) yog nws lub peev xwm los tawm tsam tam sim no, ntsuas hauv Ohm-meters (Ω⋅m). Lawv yog cov lej sib txuas ncaj qha (σ = 1 / ρ).
Q2: Vim li cas cov hlau muaj cov conductivity siab?
A: Cov hlau siv hlau sib txuas, qhov twg valence electrons tsis khi rau ib qho atom. Qhov no tsim ib qho delocalized "hiav txwv ntawm electrons" uas txav mus los ntawm cov khoom, yooj yim tsim tam sim no thaum siv hluav taws xob.
Q3: Puas tuaj yeem hloov pauv tau?
A: Yog, conductivity yog rhiab heev rau lwm yam kev mob. Cov feem ntau tshwm sim yog kub (nce kub txo conductivity nyob rau hauv hlau tab sis nce nws nyob rau hauv dej) thiab muaj impurities (uas cuam tshuam electron ntws nyob rau hauv hlau los yog ntxiv ions rau dej).
Q4: Dab tsi ua rau cov ntaub ntawv zoo li roj hmab thiab iav zoo insulators?
A: Cov ntaub ntawv no muaj zog covalent los yog ionic bonds qhov twg tag nrho cov valence electrons yog nruj nreem tuav. Tsis muaj hluav taws xob dawb txav, lawv tsis tuaj yeem txhawb nqa hluav taws xob tam sim no. Qhov no yog hu ua muaj qhov loj heev "lub zog band sib txawv."
Q5: Yuav ntsuas qhov ntsuas dej hauv dej li cas?
A: Ib lub meter ntsuas ionic conductivity los ntawm yaj ntsev. Nws qhov kev sojntsuam siv qhov hluav taws xob AC rau cov dej, ua rau cov ions yaj (xws li Na + lossis Cl-) txav thiab tsim ib qho tam sim no. Lub 'meter' ntsuas qhov tam sim no, hloov kho qhov kub thiab txias, thiab siv lub sensor "cell tas li" los qhia txog tus nqi kawg (feem ntau hauv μS / cm).
Post lub sij hawm: Oct-24-2025