Qhov kub puas cuam tshuam rau hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductivity?
Hluav taws xobconductivitysawv ua ibqhov tseem ceeb parameternyob rau hauv physics, chemistry, thiab niaj hnub engineering, tuav qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb thoob plaws ib cheeb tsam,los ntawm high-volume manufacturing rau ultra-precise microelectronics. Nws qhov tseem ceeb tseem ceeb yog los ntawm nws txoj kev sib txuas ncaj qha rau kev ua haujlwm, kev ua tau zoo, thiab kev ntseeg siab ntawm suav tsis txheeb hluav taws xob thiab thermal systems.
Qhov kev nthuav qhia ntxaws no ua haujlwm raws li cov lus qhia dav dav kom nkag siab txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoohluav taws xob conductivity (σ), thermal conductivity(κ), thiab kub (T). Tsis tas li ntawd, peb yuav ua tib zoo tshawb nrhiav cov kev coj cwj pwm ntawm cov khoom siv sib txawv, xws li cov khoom siv sib txawv mus rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, xws li nyiaj, kub, tooj liab, hlau, kev daws teeb meem, thiab roj hmab, uas txuas qhov sib txawv ntawm kev paub txog kev paub thiab kev siv hauv ntiaj teb tiag.
Thaum ua tiav qhov kev nyeem ntawv no, koj yuav tau nruab nrog kev nkag siab zoo, tsis meejntawmtusRelation ntawm kub, conductivity, thiab cua sov.
Cov ntsiab lus:
1. Puas yog qhov kub thiab txias cuam tshuam rau hluav taws xob conductivity?
2. Puas yog qhov kub thiab txias cuam tshuam rau thermal conductivity?
3. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductivity
4. Conductivity vs chloride: qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb
I. Puas yog qhov kub thiab txias cuam tshuam rau hluav taws xob conductivity?
Lo lus nug, "Puas kub puas cuam tshuam rau conductivity?" tau teb meej meej: Yog.Kub exerts ib qho tseem ceeb, cov khoom-nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductivity.Hauv kev siv hluav taws xob tseem ceeb los ntawm kev xa hluav taws xob mus rau kev ua haujlwm sensor, qhov kub thiab txias kev sib raug zoo dictates cov khoom ua haujlwm, kev ua haujlwm zoo, thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm.
Qhov kub thiab txias cuam tshuam li cas conductivity?
Kub hloov conductivity los ntawm alteringyooj yim npaum li caschargers, xws li electrons los yog ions, los yog cua sov txav los ntawm cov khoom. Cov nyhuv yog txawv rau txhua hom khoom. Nov yog raws nraim li nws ua haujlwm, raws li tau piav qhia meej:
1.Hlau: conductivity txo nrog nce kub
Tag nrho cov hlau ua los ntawm cov electrons dawb uas ntws yooj yim ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Thaum rhuab, cov hlau atoms vibrate ntau zaus. Cov kev vibrations ua zoo li obstacles, tawg cov electrons thiab slowing lawv ntws.
Tshwj xeeb, hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductivity poob tsis tu ncua thaum kub nce. Nyob ze ntawm chav tsev kub, conductivity feem ntau ntog los ntawm0.4% rau 1 ° C nce.Piv txwv li,Thaum qhov kub nce mus txog 80 ° C,hlau poob25-30%ntawm lawv thawj conductivity.
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus no tau siv dav hauv kev lag luam, piv txwv li, qhov chaw kub kub txo qhov muaj peev xwm tam sim no hauv kev xaim thiab txo cov cua sov dissipation hauv cov cua txias.
2. Hauv Semiconductors: conductivity nce nrog kub
Semiconductors pib nrog electrons nruj nreem khi rau hauv cov khoom cov qauv. Ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, ob peb tuaj yeem txav mus los nqa tam sim no.Raws li qhov kub thiab txias, cua sov muab cov hluav taws xob txaus kom tawg thiab ntws. Lub warmer nws tau txais, ntau tus nqa khoom nqa tau muaj,zoo heev boosting conductivity.
Nyob rau hauv ntau intuitive ntsiab lus, lub conductivity nce sharply, feem ntau ob npaug rau txhua txhua 10-15 ° C nyob rau hauv ntau yam.Qhov no pab kev ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv nruab nrab qhov sov so tab sis tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teeb meem yog tias kub dhau (dhau tawm), piv txwv li, lub khoos phis tawj yuav poob yog tias lub nti ua nrog lub semiconductor yog rhuab mus rau qhov kub siab.
3. Hauv Electrolytes (kua lossis gels hauv cov roj teeb): conductivity txhim kho nrog cua sov
Qee cov neeg xav tias qhov kub thiab txias cuam tshuam li cas ntawm cov hluav taws xob conductivity tov, thiab ntawm no yog tshooj no. Electrolytes ua ions txav los ntawm kev daws teeb meem, thaum txias ua rau cov kua dej tuab thiab qeeb, ua rau qeeb qeeb ntawm cov ions. Nrog rau qhov kub thiab txias nce, cov kua tau qis dua, yog li cov ions diffuse sai dua thiab nqa cov nqi ntau dua.
Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, conductivity nce 2-3% ib 1 ° C thaum txhua yam tau txais nws verge. Thaum qhov kub nce siab tshaj 40 ° C, cov conductivity poob los ntawm ~ 30%.
Koj tuaj yeem tshawb pom cov ntsiab cai no hauv lub ntiaj teb tiag tiag, zoo li cov tshuab zoo li cov roj teeb them sai dua hauv qhov sov sov, tab sis yuav muaj kev puas tsuaj yog tias overheated.
II. Qhov kub puas cuam tshuam rau thermal conductivity?
Thermal conductivity, qhov ntsuas ntawm qhov yooj yim cua sov txav los ntawm cov khoom, feem ntau txo qis thaum kub nce hauv feem ntau cov khib nyiab, txawm tias tus cwj pwm txawv raws li cov khoom siv thiab txoj kev tshav kub.
Hauv cov hlau, cov cua sov feem ntau yog los ntawm cov hluav taws xob dawb. Raws li qhov kub thiab txias, atoms vibrate ntau zog, tawg cov electrons thiab cuam tshuam lawv txoj kev, uas txo cov khoom muaj peev xwm hloov cov cua sov kom zoo.
Nyob rau hauv crystalline insulators, tshav kub mus los ntawm atomic vibrations hu ua phonons. Qhov kub siab dua ua rau cov kev vibrations hnyav dua, ua rau muaj kev sib tsoo ntau zaus ntawm cov atoms thiab ib qho kev poob qis hauv thermal conductivity.
Hauv cov pa roj, txawm li cas los xij, qhov sib txawv tshwm sim. Raws li qhov kub thiab txias, molecules txav nrawm dua thiab sib tsoo ntau zaus, hloov lub zog ntawm kev sib tsoo zoo dua; Yog li ntawd, thermal conductivity nce.
Hauv cov khoom siv polymers thiab cov kua dej, kev txhim kho me ntsis yog tshwm sim nrog qhov kub thiab txias. Cov cua sov tso cai rau cov saw hlau molecular txav tau yooj yim dua thiab txo cov viscosity, ua kom yooj yim rau cov cua sov kom dhau los ntawm cov khoom.
III. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductivity
Puas muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm thermal conductivity thiab hluav taws xob conductivity? Tej zaum koj yuav xav txog lo lus nug no. Qhov tseeb, muaj kev sib txuas ntawm hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductivity, tab sis qhov kev sib txuas no tsuas yog ua rau kev nkag siab zoo rau qee yam khoom siv, xws li hlau.
1. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductivity
Rau cov hlau ntshiab (xws li tooj liab, nyiaj, thiab kub), txoj cai yooj yim siv:Yog tias cov khoom siv tau zoo heev ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob, nws kuj zoo heev ntawm kev ua cua sov.Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus no mus raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm electron sib koom.
Hauv cov hlau, ob qho tib si hluav taws xob thiab cua sov feem ntau yog nqa los ntawm tib yam: dawb electrons. Qhov no yog vim li cas high hluav taws xob conductivity ua rau siab thermal conductivity nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub.
Rautushluav taws xobntws,Thaum siv hluav taws xob, cov hluav taws xob dawb no txav mus rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia, nqa cov nqi hluav taws xob.
Thaum nws los txogtuskubntws, ib qho kawg ntawm cov hlau yog kub thiab lwm yam yog txias, thiab tib yam dawb electrons txav ceev dua nyob rau hauv lub kub cheeb tsam thiab tsoo mus rau qeeb electrons, sai sai hloov lub zog (kub) mus rau lub txias cheeb tsam.
Qhov kev sib koom ua ke no txhais tau hais tias yog cov hlau muaj ntau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntau heev (ua rau nws muaj hluav taws xob zoo heev), cov electrons kuj ua tau zoo "cov khoom siv hluav taws xob," uas tau piav qhia los ntawmtusWiedemann-FranzTxoj cai.
2. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductivity
Kev sib raug zoo ntawm hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductivity tsis muaj zog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas tus nqi thiab cua sov yog nqa los ntawm txawv mechanisms.
| Hom khoom | Hluav taws xob conductivity (σ) | Thermal conductivity (κ) | Yog vim li cas txoj cai Fail |
| Insulators(xws li roj hmab, iav) | Tsawg heev (σ≈0) | Tsawg | Tsis muaj electrons dawb los nqa hluav taws xob. Thaum tshav kub kub tsuas yog nqa los ntawmatomic vibrations(zoo li cov kab mob qeeb qeeb). |
| Semiconductors(eg, Silicon) | Nruab nrab | Nruab nrab mus rau siab | Ob qho tib si electrons thiab atomic vibrations nqa cua sov. Txoj kev kub ntxhov cuam tshuam rau lawv tus lej ua rau txoj cai yooj yim hlau tsis tuaj yeem ntseeg tau. |
| Pob zeb diamond | Tsawg heev (σ≈0) | Siab heev(κ yog tus thawj coj hauv ntiaj teb) | Pob zeb diamond tsis muaj hluav taws xob dawb (nws yog ib qho insulator), tab sis nws cov qauv atomic zoo kawg nkaus tso cai rau atomic vibrations los hloov cov cua sov.tshwj xeeb ceev ceev. Qhov no yog qhov piv txwv nto moo tshaj plaws uas cov khoom siv yog hluav taws xob tsis ua hauj lwm tab sis ib qho kev sib tw thermal. |
IV. Conductivity vs chloride: qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb
Thaum ob qho tib si hluav taws xob conductivity thiab chloride concentration yog qhov tseem ceeb hauvntsuas dej zoo, lawv ntsuas qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom.
Kev coj ua
Conductivity yog ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm kev daws qhov peev xwm xa hluav taws xob tam sim no. Kuvt ntsuas covtag nrho cov concentration ntawm tag nrho cov yaj ionsnyob rau hauv cov dej, uas muaj xws li zoo them ions (cations) thiab tsis zoo them ions (anions).
Tag nrho cov ions, xws li chloride (Cl-sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), bicarbonate, thiab sulfate, pab rau tag nrho cov conductivity myooj yim hauv microSiemens ib centimeter (µS/cm) lossis milliSiemens ib centimeter (mS/cm).
Conductivity yog qhov taw qhia ceev, dav davntawmTag nrhoDissolved Solids(TDS) thiab tag nrho cov dej purity los yog salinity.
Chloride Concentration (Cl-)
Chloride concentration yog ib qho kev ntsuas tshwj xeeb ntawm tsuas yog chloride anion tam sim no hauv cov tshuaj.Nws ntsuas qhovqhov loj ntawm cov chloride ions xwb(Cl-) tam sim no, feem ntau muab los ntawm cov ntsev xws li sodium chloride (NaCl) lossis calcium chloride (CaCl)2).
Qhov kev ntsuas no yog ua los ntawm kev siv tshwj xeeb xws li titration (xws li, Argentometric method) lossis ion-selective electrodes (ISEs)nyob rau hauv milligrams ib liter (mg / L) los yog qhov chaw ib lab (ppm).
Cov qib chloride yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev ntsuam xyuas lub peev xwm ntawm corrosion nyob rau hauv industrial systems (xws li boilers los yog txias yees) thiab rau kev soj ntsuam salinity intrusion nyob rau hauv cov dej haus.
Nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus, chloride pab txhawb rau conductivity, tab sis conductivity tsis yog tshwj xeeb rau chloride.Yog tias cov tshuaj chloride concentration nce, tag nrho cov conductivity yuav nce.Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias tag nrho cov conductivity nce, nws tuaj yeem yog vim muaj cov tshuaj chloride, sulfate, sodium, lossis lwm yam ions ua ke.
Yog li ntawd, conductivity ua hauj lwm pab raws li ib tug pab soj ntsuam cov cuab yeej (xws li, yog hais tias conductivity yog tsawg, chloride yuav tsis tshua muaj), tab sis yuav tsum tau saib xyuas cov tshuaj chloride tshwj xeeb rau corrosion los yog kev tswj lub hom phiaj, yuav tsum tau siv ib hom tshuaj ntsuam xyuas.
Post lub sij hawm: Nov-14-2025